indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
possession; ownership; Tibet; Tibetan people
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
bang; bam; noontime signal gun (carried out early Meiji to Taishō); noon gun; last round in a game of 12 rounds; precisely
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
precisely; exactly; plumb; damn; stupid; cursed
father of one's country; father of the nation
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
friend; companion; comrade; accompaniment; companion (e.g. book); complement
woven mat (of sedge, hay, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding