indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
father of one's country; father of the nation
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
precisely; exactly; plumb; damn; stupid; cursed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
bang; bam; noontime signal gun (carried out early Meiji to Taishō); noon gun; last round in a game of 12 rounds; precisely
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
older brother; elder brother
possession; ownership; Tibet; Tibetan people
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
than; other than; except; but
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
person who is ...; thing that is ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
great mountain; large mountain
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
knack; skill; bone; skeleton; cremated remains (esp. the bones); ashes