indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
bang; bam; noontime signal gun (carried out early Meiji to Taishō); noon gun; last round in a game of 12 rounds; precisely
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
precisely; exactly; plumb; damn; stupid; cursed
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
honorific/polite/humble prefix
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
than; other than; except; but
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
people; citizens; subjects; folk
to run along; to run beside; to follow (a policy, plan, etc.); to act in accordance with; to meet (wishes, expectations, etc.); to satisfy
to chip (off); to shave (off); to slice (off); to dampen (e.g. enthusiasm); to discourage; to weaken
(unrefined) brown sugar; muscovado