indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
public affairs; the court; the shogun; the shogunate
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
everlasting; eternal; continued; unchanging
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
now; the present time; just now; another; more
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to keep; to preserve; to hold; to last; to endure; to keep well (food)
wife of a shogun or a highest-ranking nobleman
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
in that way; thus; so; so?
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to