indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
great mountain; large mountain
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
exemplar; model; example; pattern
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
wife of a shogun or a highest-ranking nobleman
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
precisely; exactly; plumb; damn; stupid; cursed
bang; bam; noontime signal gun (carried out early Meiji to Taishō); noon gun; last round in a game of 12 rounds; precisely
public affairs; the court; the shogun; the shogunate
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do