indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
two persons; two people; pair; couple
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to subsist; to keep on living
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
difficulty; hardship; trouble; infeasibility; inability (to carry out)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to take on; to undertake; to take over; to inherit; to guarantee; to vouch for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to prepare oneself (for the worst); to resolve oneself
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to raise; to rear; to train; to teach; to promote the growth of; to nurture
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
(eating) heartily; energetically; vigorously; bulging (muscles); welling up (of strength, courage, etc.)
to resign; to retire; to quit; to leave (one's job, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thank you for waiting; sorry to have kept you waiting
sorry; excuse me; thank you
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
please (give me); please (do for me)
rotation (usu. around something); revolution; turning
nature (of a person); sex; gender; sex (i.e. sexual attraction, activity, etc.); gender; -ty
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
dizziness; giddiness; vertigo
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)