indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
bank; banking institution
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
Osaka-Kobe; Hanshin (company name: railway, dept. store, baseball team, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
(bank) president; greenroom manager (in a theater)
Nichiren sect; Tendai sect; Lotus Sutra
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; so?
special duty; being in sole charge of a duty; senior managing director; executive director
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
special; particular; peculiar; unique
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation