indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind (in a race, one's studies, etc.); to lag behind; to be bereaved of; to be preceded by (someone) in death
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
I'm off (and will be back later); see you later; to go (and then come back)
have a good day; take care; see you
tightly; closely; exactly; precisely; suddenly (stopping); perfectly (suited)
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
mother; mom; wife; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); she
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
ornamental (foliage) plant; houseplant
buying; shopping; buyer; purchase
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to begin to say; to start talking; to broach (a matter); to be the first to say; to suggest (doing); to propose
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
the other day; previously; last time; last (Sunday, summer, etc.); previous (e.g. mayor, chapter)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
counter for leaves, pieces of paper, etc.; (arch.) counter for boats
to trick; to cheat; to deceive; to coax; to wheedle; to soothe
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
hostility; animosity; enmity
naked; bare; uncovered; frank; open; blunt
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (of China; 9-23 CE)
greens; vegetables; rape (Brassica napus); rapeseed
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
senior (at school, work, etc.); superior; elder; older person; predecessor
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed