indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind (in a race, one's studies, etc.); to lag behind; to be bereaved of; to be preceded by (someone) in death
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
I'm off; see you later; to go (and then come back)
have a good day; take care; see you
tightly; closely; exactly; precisely; suddenly (stopping); perfectly (suited)
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ornamental (foliage) plant; houseplant
buying; shopping; buyer; purchase
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to begin to say; to start talking; to broach (a matter); to be the first to say; to suggest (doing); to propose
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
some time ago; recently; lately; last (Sunday, etc.); previous
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
counter for leaves, pieces of paper, etc.; (arch.) counter for boats
to trick; to cheat; to deceive; to coax; to wheedle; to soothe and humor (humour)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
hostility; animosity; enmity
naked; bare; uncovered; frank; open; blunt
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
greens; vegetables; rape (Brassica napus); rapeseed
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed