this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
pine tree (Pinus spp.); highest (of a three-tier ranking system)
shade; shadow; behind (something); other side; background; behind the scenes
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
to hear a rumor; to get wind of
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
young man; young woman; young people; youth; youngsters
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
to gather; to collect; to assemble
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
red; crimson; red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange); Red (i.e. communist); red light (traffic); red ink (i.e. in finance or proof-reading); (in) the red
to say; to be called; to do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
introduction; presentation; referral; listing
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
lunch; noon; midday; daytime; waking up; getting up
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
all present; all concerned; all of us
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
(arch.) poor; (arch.) unskillful; (arch.) clumsy; I; me
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
welcome!; nice to see you!
coming; going; being (somewhere); come; go; stay
enrolling at a cram school
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix