one's nature; one's feelings; plain; unadorned; mere; poor
riches; wealth; resources; lottery
hill; height; knoll; rising ground
spinning; silk reeling; filature
place; spot; grounds; arena; stadium; range
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
closing; closure; shutdown; lockout
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
(a) stop (e.g. in a timber joint, or at the end of a kanji stroke); remaining (e.g. poste-restante); forty-five degree angle
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
actual spot; scene (of a crime, accident, etc.); (on) site; (on) the ground; filming location; (movie) set
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
please; somehow or other; one way or another
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
duration; continuance; survival; persistence; retention
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right (to do something); authority; power
possession; ownership; Tibet; Tibetan people
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
honorific/polite/humble prefix
friend; ally; supporter; taking sides with; supporting; standing by
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
special; particular; extraordinary; exceptional; especial
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
consequence; outcome; result; blame
two persons; two people; pair; couple
to come together; to join; to get married; to become a married couple
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
myself; yourself; I; me; you