indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
current master; father of one's current master; minister (of government); noble; (arch.) nobleman's residence
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
young lord; successor of one's current lord
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
all present; all concerned; all of us
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage