indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
honorific/polite/humble prefix
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
refinement; elegance; grace
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
now; the present time; just now; another; more
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
inner part; inside; interior; depths (e.g. of a forest); back (of a house, drawer, etc.); bottom (e.g. of one's heart)