presentation (of documents); submission (of an application, report, etc.); production (e.g. of evidence); introduction (e.g. of a bill); filing; turning in
opinion in writing; written opinion; argument
to gather; to collect; to assemble
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
one's family temple; temple with one's family grave
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
to take the name of; to call oneself; to pretend; to feign; to purport
meeting; conference; session; assembly; council; convention
calm; quiet; tranquility; tranquillity; appeasement; pacification
band of warriors (often formed from related or dependent families); group of samurai
to advance; to move forward; to carry forward (plans, work, etc.); to proceed with; to raise; to elevate
peace talks; peace negotiations
to play a central role; to take a leading part
shade; shadow; behind (something); other side; background; behind the scenes
pine tree (Pinus spp.); highest (of a three-tier ranking system)
to avoid (physical contact with); to avoid (situation); to ward off; to avert; to put aside; to move out of the way
already; now; no longer; not any more
imperial court; shogunate government; authorities; public affairs; official; government
decapitation; decapitated head
hero; heroine; Eroica Symphony (Beethoven, 1804); Heroic Polonaise (Chopin)
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
without; unacceptable; not alright; unsatisfactory
katsura (Cercidiphyllum japonicum); Japanese Judas tree
to cross (legs or arms); to link (arms); to put together; to construct; to braid; to plait; to grapple
Satchō Alliance; 1866 alliance between the feudal domains of Satsuma and Chōshū
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
splendid horse; promoted bishop
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
to carry on one's back; to be burdened with; to take responsibility for; to have (something) in the background; to be in front (of something); to be conceited
Nagasaki (city, prefecture)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
to set up (a house, store, etc.); to build; to have at the ready (e.g. a gun); to hold in preparation (e.g. a camera); to adopt a posture; to assume a stance; to put on an air
again; once more; a second time
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
to replace; to exchange; to interchange; to substitute
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to collect; to put (it all) together; to summarize; to aggregate; to bring to a conclusion; to finalize
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)