head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take back; to regain; to get back; to recover
Genji era (1864.2.20-1865.4.7)
first year (of an imperial era); year something (important) first happened or began
December; twelfth month of the lunar calendar
(metropolitan) prefecture (of Osaka and Kyoto); the centre or seat (of) (center); (government) office; fu; historical administrative unit in China, Korea and Vietnam
merit; success; meritorious deed; achievement; accumulated experience
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
in order to; for the purpose of; must; should
violence; vehemence; fury; fervour; fervor; severity
to change into; to convert into; to transform; to be reduced; to influence; to improve (someone)
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
to move; to shift; to inspire; to rouse; to change; to alter; to operate
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
older brother; elder brother
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
peace conference; peace negotiations
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
please; kindly; I beg of you; by all means; without fail
lord; nobleman; daimyō; dignitary; master
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
audience (with a person of high standing)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
war; battle; match; game; competition
to dedicate; to make an offering; to supply; to store; to finish; to bring to a close; to restore (something to its place)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
all kinds of things; various things; large number of people