indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
allegiance; obedience; submission
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put up (a notice, sign, etc.); to hang out (e.g. a banner); to hold up high; to raise overhead; to tout (a principle, plan, etc.); to herald; to publish
by means of; due to; because of; according to
chief retainer; daimyo's minister
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
seppuku; harakiri; ritual suicide by disembowelment; seppuku as a death penalty (where the convict is decapitated by a second as they make the motions to disembowel themself; Edo period)
staff officer; military staff; adviser; counselor; counsellor
decapitation; decapitated head
to order; to command; to appoint
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
violent; furious; extreme; intense; fervent; vehement
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
please; somehow or other; one way or another
penalty; sentence; punishment
soon; in a moment; nearby; close; direct; spot transaction
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
in that way; thus; so; so?
wherein; therein; thereinto
surprise; astonishment; wonder; amazement
news; word; tidings; omen
bush clover; Japanese clover (any flowering plant of genus Lespedeza); dark red exterior with blue interior (color combination worn in autumn); Hagi (city in Yamaguchi)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to bring; to take; to bring about
for now; for the time being; for the present; though not quite satisfactorily; after a fashion
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you