shogunate; bakufu; shogun's headquarters; Imperial Guards office; residence of the Imperial Guards commander
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
absolutely; definitely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
allegiance; obedience; submission
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put up (a notice, sign, etc.); to hang out (e.g. a banner); to hold up high; to raise overhead; to tout (a principle, plan, etc.); to herald; to publish
by means of; due to; because of; according to
chief retainer; daimyo's minister
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
seppuku; harakiri; ritual suicide by disembowelment; seppuku as a death penalty (where the convict is decapitated by a second as they make the motions to disembowel themself; Edo period)
staff officer; military staff; adviser; counselor; counsellor
decapitation; decapitated head
to order; to command; to appoint
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
han (estate of a daimyo in the Edo and early Meiji periods); feudal domain; fief; province
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
violent; furious; extreme; intense; fervent; vehement
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
please; if you would; somehow or other; one way or another; whether (or not); if
penalty; sentence; punishment
soon; in a moment; nearby; close; direct; spot transaction
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
wherein; therein; thereinto
surprise; astonishment; wonder; amazement
news; word; tidings; omen; foreboding; premonition
bush clover; Japanese clover (any flowering plant of genus Lespedeza); dark red exterior with blue interior (color combination worn in autumn); Hagi (city in Yamaguchi)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to bring (news, knowledge, etc.); to introduce; to bring about; to cause; to produce (e.g. results)
for now; for the time being; for the present; though not quite satisfactorily; after a fashion
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you