indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
pine tree (Pinus spp.); highest (of a three-tier ranking system)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
shade; shadow; behind (something); other side; background; behind the scenes
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
letter; missive; note; mail
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
friend; companion; comrade; accompaniment; companion (e.g. book); complement
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
now; the present time; just now; another; more
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
please; somehow or other; one way or another