indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
feudal decree; edict by a daimyo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to run counter to; to go against; to disobey; to infringe
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
readiness; preparedness; resolution; resignation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
to discuss; to talk about; to argue; to dispute; to take into consideration; to make an issue of
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to be needed; to be wanted
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
(social) standing; status; identity; birth; one's circumstances; one's means
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
to accept; to receive; to agree
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
to cease; to stop; to be over
thought; imagination; mind; desire; wish; love
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to pour (into); to sprinkle on (from above); to water (e.g. plants); to shed (tears); to concentrate one's energy (strength, attention, etc.) on; to devote to; to flow into (e.g. of a river)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; (arch.) that's right
to use up; to exhaust; to devote oneself (to); to do one's utmost (for); to do to exhaustion; to do completely
society; the world; the times
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)