indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
arrival chime (of an elevator, train, etc.)
door; gate; opening; title page
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
woman; female; feminine gender
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
chime; bell (e.g. doorbell)
to ring; to sound; to be popular; to be esteemed; to state; to insist
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to open out (of a view, scenery, etc.); to spread out; to improve (of luck, prospects, etc.); to get better; to develop (of a town, civilization, etc.); to become civilized; to be sensible
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
such; this sort of; like this
actual spot; scene (of a crime, accident, etc.); (on) site; (on) the ground; filming location; (movie) set
coolness; calmness; composure; all right; fine; OK
experienced; already had an experience (with something)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?