indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
woman; female; feminine gender
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
solitude; loneliness; isolation
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hate; to dislike; to loathe
ancient time; age of the gods
representative; representation; delegation; switchboard number; main number
whole (body); full-length (e.g. portrait); systemic
counter for places, parts, passages, etc.
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
to pierce; to stab; to sting; to bite; to sew; to stitch; to pole (a boat)
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
discovery; detection; finding
paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera)
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata)
field; plain; prairie; tundra; moor; wilderness
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
recruitment; invitation; raising (funds, donations, etc.); collection; flotation (of shares, loans, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
interest (in something); curiosity (about something); zest (for)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen