indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
sorry; excuse me; thank you
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
intersection; crossing; crossroad; street corner; street
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic