indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
spring day; spring sunlight
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honesty; sincerity; trust; reliance; (religious) faith; devotion
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Tsu (city in Mie); harbour; harbor; ferry
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
Shinano (former province located in present-day Nagano Prefecture and parts of Gifu Prefecture)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
to say; to be called; to do
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen