indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
bureau; department; office (e.g. post, telephone); broadcasting station (e.g. television, radio); affair; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
ronin; masterless samurai
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
reconciliation; peace; rapprochement
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
tea; tea plant (Camellia sinensis); tea preparation; making tea; brown; (arch.) mockery
corner; nook; shade; shadow; dark circles (under the eyes); dark rings
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
how; in what way; how about
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
moat; fosse; canal; ditch
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
authority; expert; counter for messages, letters, notes, documents, etc.; understanding (esp. of male-female relations); tact; supernatural powers
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?