indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
existence; possession; having; limited company
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
taking care of one's health; recuperation; covering (with a protective material); coating; curing (concrete)
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be lucky; to be in luck; to be attached; to have; to be included
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
really; very; extremely; (not) anything; (not) at all; (not) a bit
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
all over the body; from head to foot; all over
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
considerably; fairly; quite
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to bear; to carry on one's back; to take responsibility for; to accept a duty; to receive (wound); to incur (damage)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
to be disordered; to be disarranged; to be discomposed; to be upset; to lapse into chaos (due to war, etc.)
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
one's turn; one's shift; one's turn on stage; screen time; screentime
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thinking; thought; idea; notion; intention; plan
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
Shinano (former province located in present-day Nagano Prefecture and parts of Gifu Prefecture)
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
territory; dominion; grounds (e.g. school)