car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to long for; to yearn after; to admire; to be attracted by
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
head (chief, director) of a section or department; head of a (school) club; head of a (school) team
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
car; automobile; motorcar; motor vehicle; auto
history of Japan; Japanese history
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
most; highest; maximum; best; wonderful; finest
to create; to bring forth; to invent; to think up and bring into being; to give birth to; to bear
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
fault; error; going poorly; being disadvantageous; un-; non-
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need