indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
Japanese apricot (Prunus mume); Japanese plum; ume; lowest (of a three-tier ranking system)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
multi-floor building; multi-storey building; bill
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
Ginza (shopping district in Tokyo); (Edo period) silver mint
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
branch office; branch store
(bank) president; greenroom manager (in a theater)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
branch manager; manager of a branch office
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study
please (give me); please (do for me)
bank; banking institution
wide open sky; the blue; heavens; firmament