indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(sound of) laughter; laughing voice
beloved child; dear child
here I am; I'm home!; presently; right away; right now
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
childcare leave; leave taken after the compulsory maternity leave
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to turn over; to turn upside down; to knock over; to tip over; to overturn (e.g. a decision); to upset
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
beginning; outset; first; onset
copy; photocopy; blurb on a book jacket; catch copy
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
elementary school student; primary school student; grade school student
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
another person; other people; unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood); outsider; stranger