indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
profit; gains; benefit; advantage; grace (of God, Buddha, etc.) (esp. as attained through rightful actions, prayer, adherence to one's faith, etc.); blessing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
other side; other party; other end (e.g. of phone connection); opposition
to thrust down; to push off
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
close friend; bosom friend; buddy; crony; chum
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
moneylending; moneylender
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to suffer; to groan; to be worried
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
house; one's house; one's home; one's family
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
absurd; unreasonable; extreme; senseless; disorderly; chaotic
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
coolness; calmness; composure; all right; fine; OK
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
just barely; only just; at the very limit; at the last moment
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
sincere; honest; faithful
if it is the case that ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of