indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
ring; circle; hoop; wheel; circle (e.g. of friends)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
adds force or indicates command
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
Emishi; historical term for non-Yamato peoples in northern Japan; Yezo (northern part of Meiji-era Japan, esp. Hokkaido, but also Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to; traditional unit of volume, approx. 18 litres; square bearing block (at the top of a pillar); Chinese "Dipper" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
river; stream; River; the ... river
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
mountain stream; valley; dale; wetlands; swamp; marsh
liver; innards; courage; spirit; crux; essential point
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you