indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
all; entire; whole; altogether
master; Your lordship; My lord; husband
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
head (of a household); proprietor (of a store); one's husband; (one's) employer; (one's) master; host
bookworm; bibliophile; bibliophage
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honest; frank; candid; honestly; frankly
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
leaving a decision to someone else (often of a meal to be selected by the chef); omakase
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question