Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
master (of a house, shop, etc.); husband; sir; boss; patron of a mistress, geisha, bar or nightclub hostess; sugar daddy
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
warm; mild; considerate; kind; warm (of a colour); mellow
torii; Shinto shrine archway
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
now; the present time; just now; another; more
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
chic; smart; understanding; considerate; familiar with worldly pleasures (esp. sexual relations, geisha districts and red-light districts)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
should; must; -able; probably; likely
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to get angry; to get mad; to tell someone off; to scold; to be angular; to be square
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be needed; to be wanted
dispute; strife; quarrel; dissension; conflict; rivalry
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to shoot dead; to bring down (an animal); to win (a prize, someone's heart, etc.); to make one's own