here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
government office; public office
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to be called; to do
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
how; in what way; how about
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
to be opposite; to face each other; to confront (an issue); to face
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this world; this life; current epoch (i.e. the Holocene epoch)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to accept; to receive; to agree
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
a Buddha; deceased person
criminal condemned to death; convict on death row
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
older brother; elder brother; young man; buddy; fella
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in a sense; in some way; to an extent
celebrity; famous person; public figure; big name
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for