here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
government office; public office
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to say; to be called; to do
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
how; in what way; how about
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
to be opposite; to face each other; to confront (an issue); to face
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this world; this life; current epoch (i.e. the Holocene epoch)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to accept; to receive; to agree
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(a) Buddha; deceased person
criminal condemned to death; convict on death row
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
place; location; room; space; sumo tournament
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you; you shouldn't have; it's too much
to be mistaken; to be incorrect; to make a mistake (in); to do incorrectly; to mistake (one thing with another); to confuse
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
older brother; elder brother; young man; buddy; fella
somewhere; in some respects; in some way
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in a sense; in some way; to an extent
celebrity; famous person; public figure; big name
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of