indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
plaintiff; accuser; prosecutor
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
I'm off; see you later; to go (and then come back)
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
exactly; surely; right then; just then; just (about to); on the verge (of doing or happening)
three-legged race; cooperation with singleness of purpose (e.g. between companies); operating in tandem
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to peep (through); to peek; to await (one's chance); to guess; to infer
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
article (in document); provision; stripe; streak; although; though
by means of; due to; because of; according to
injustice; impropriety; unreasonableness; undeserved; unfair; invalid
profit; gains; benefit; advantage; grace (of God, Buddha, etc.) (esp. as attained through rightful actions, prayer, adherence to one's faith, etc.); blessing
claim; demand; charge; application; request; billing (for a service)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
claim; insistence; assertion; advocacy; emphasis; contention
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
natural; right; proper; naturally; as a matter of course; rightly
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor