indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
running (of a car, bus, etc.); traveling; travelling; running (of a program)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to be hit; to strike; to touch; to be in contact; to be equivalent to; to be applicable; to be right on the money (of a prediction, criticism, etc.)
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to let (someone) hear; to tell (e.g. a story); to make (someone) listen; to make (someone) understand; to grip (someone) with skilful singing, storytelling, etc.; to hold (someone) enchanted by
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
pillow word; decorative word used prefixally in classical Japanese literature; preface; introduction
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
all manner of (verbal) abuse; all kinds of names; abusive language; torrent of abuse; stream of insults
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
loveable; very likeable; like very much
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
energy; energy; strength; energy source; energy resource; food energy
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
mini-; miniskirt; mini-skirt
garlic chives (Allium tuberosum); Chinese chives; Chinese leek
birth; creation; formation
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
actually; really; truly; in practice; practically
suffix for familiar person
disappearance; running away; going missing; absconding