indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
sweet-tasting; sweet; fragrant (smelling); sweet (music); lightly salted; light in salt; naive
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
succession to another's professional name
to pull; to draw; to string (lines); to run (cable); to pull towards oneself (e.g. someone's sleeve); to drag; to haul
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
actual place; actual location; the spot; place where one is currently living
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
factory; plant; mill; workshop
position; situation; viewpoint; standpoint; point of view
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
(some) more; even more; longer; further
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
management; administration; operation; running (business); conducting
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
geisha; professional female entertainer, usu. at traditional banquets
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
toy; (person or thing treated as a) plaything
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
glazing; fitting with glass; transparency; openness; lack of secrecy
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
river; stream; River; the ... river
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
in addition; furthermore; above (which); on top of (which)
chair; stool; post; office; position
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
scene; view; prospect; outlook
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)