indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Nagasaki (city, prefecture)
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
ordinary; common; commonplace; mediocre; unremarkable; undistinguished
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
first class; first rank; one degree; one level; most; best
10^8; 100,000,000; hundred million
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
coincidence; chance; by chance; unexpectedly; contingency
to hold (in one's hand); to take (into one's hand); to own; to obtain
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
winning ticket (in a lottery, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
direction; orientation; bearing; course (e.g. of action)
to turn the rudder of a ship; to change direction (of policy, etc.)
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to part (usu. of people); to part from; to separate (of a couple); to break up; to lose (e.g. one's mother); to be bereaved
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
beginning; outset; first; onset
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)