indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
lodging; inn; house; home; home of a servant's parents (or guarantor, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
business; trade; operations; sales
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
please (give me); please (do for me)
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
counter for flat objects (e.g. sheets of paper); (arch.) counter for positions or roles; (arch.) counter for food portions (now only gyōza and soba); counter for ranking level
lodger who pays nothing for room and board; freeloader; sponger
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading