indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
counter for the ichi-ni-san counting system (usu. directly preceding the item being counted); noun read using its on-yomi; counter for articles; indicates possessive (esp. in place names)
peak; summit; ridge; back of a blade
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
common carp (Cyprinus carpio); koi carp
hollow; cavity; sunken place; (arch.) vagina; (arch.) female genitalia
educational institution; school; academy; campus
detective; investigator; sleuth; detective work; secret investigation
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
deputy director; assistant director; vice director; deputy general manager; assistant general manager; vice (general) manager
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to carry on one's shoulder; to shoulder; to bear; to bear (burden, responsibility, etc.); to take upon oneself
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
showy; loud; gay; flashy; gaudy
name; given name; first name
because of; owing to; due to
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
performer; entertainer; celebrity
air con; air conditioner; air conditioning
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
true state; actual condition; reality
commonplace (of people or animals); ordinary; typical; ubiquitous; run-of-the-mill; found around every corner
quite; very; 10^48; quindecillion
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
senior high school; high school
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
tea; tea plant (Camellia sinensis); tea preparation; making tea; brown; (arch.) mockery
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to suit; to match; to become; to be like
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
hitting right-handed (with a racket, bat, etc.); hitting to right (field)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do