indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
bear (any mammal of family Ursidae)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
how; in what way; how about; questionable
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
salmon (Salmonidae spp.); chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)
brown bear (Ursus arctos)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
(one's) inner voice; voice of one's heart; what one really thinks
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial