indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
bear (any mammal of family Ursidae)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
honorific/polite/humble prefix
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
to be lucky; to be in luck; to be attached; to have; to be included
good thing; nice thing; good excuse; good grounds; interjection used to impress an idea or to urge a response
lightning; thunder; god of thunder; god of lightning; anger; fit of anger
(one's) inner voice; voice of one's heart; what one really thinks
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
poor (at); weak (in); not very good (at); not one's cup of tea; not one's favorite
earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)
to be lucky; to be in luck; to be attached; to have; to be included