where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
to go around; to return; to surround; to concern (usu. of disputes)
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances
circumstances; condition; to arrange; to manage; to lend money; to raise money
unrelated; irrelevant; unconcerned; unconnected
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
to switch (secretly); to substitute; to sidestep (an issue)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
metallic sound; metallic clank
radio wave; reception; signal; saying strange things
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
special; particular; peculiar; unique
increase in sophistication; enhancement of functionality; increase in speed; upgrading
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o