indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
since some time ago; for some time; for quite a while
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to joke; to jest; to make fun of; to laugh at; to romp; to gambol
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
ball (for sport, games, etc.); kemari; type of football played by courtiers in ancient Japan
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
after all; in the end; anyway; (cannot) possibly; (not) at all; (not) by any means
another person; other people; unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood); outsider; stranger
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
to come together; to merge; to fit; to match; to be profitable; to be equitable
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry