indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
announcement of time; time signal; news report; newsletter
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
book; volume; this; present; main; head
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
compact disk; CD; cash dispenser; (negotiable) certificate of deposit
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
two persons; two people; pair; couple
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
home area; home town; local
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
lodging; inn; house; home; home of a servant's parents (or guarantor, etc.)
(in the) neighbourhood; neighborhood; around; about; for instance; say
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter