indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
juvenile crime; juvenile delinquency
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
center; centre; middle; -centered; -centred; -focused
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
many; much; plenty; hardly
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
atrocious; heinous; fiendish; brutal; vicious
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
being in charge (of an area of responsibility); being responsible (for a work role, etc.)
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
television program; TV program
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
activity (esp. energetic or successful); great efforts; active participation; walking about with great vigor
white stone; white (go pieces)
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; indeed; really
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
story; tale; talk; discussion
to call on someone; to call at a place; to ask; to inquire; to hear; to be told
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
please remember me; please help me; please treat me well; please do; please take care of
it is I who should say so
please remember me; please help me; please treat me well; please do; please take care of
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
home; household; family; hearth
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
home environment; family environment
bad influence; negative influence
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
don't you think?; indicates question
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to make a living; to earn a livelihood; to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing)