indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
serving (of food); helping; chilled soba served on a dish (often on a wicker basket or in a shallow steaming basket) with dipping sauce
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
honorific/polite/humble prefix
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
rabbit; hare; coney; cony; lagomorph (esp. leporids)
Song dynasty (China, 960-1279); Sung dynasty; Liu Song dynasty (China, 420-479); Liu Sung dynasty; Song (ancient Chinese state, 11th century-286 BCE); Sung
Heike family; Taira family
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
adds force or indicates command
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to say; to be called; to do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Tang dynasty (of China; 618-907); T'ang dynasty; (arch.) China; (arch.) foreign country