indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Heike family; Taira family; The Tale of the Heike; chanting of the Heike Monogatari
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
family; clan; sect; school; group of related sumo stables
platform; podium; (ceremonial) mound; world (of haiku, art, etc.); (literary) circles; (arch.) mandala
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
honorific/polite/humble prefix
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
going west; heading westward
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
tea-ceremony procedures; skill; dexterity; (arch.) you
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
adds force or indicates command
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use