indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Heike family; Taira family; The Tale of the Heike; chanting of the Heike Monogatari
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
good fortune; happiness; blessing; good luck
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
field; plain; prairie; tundra; moor; wilderness
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
adds force or indicates command
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix