indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Heike family; Taira family; The Tale of the Heike; chanting of the Heike Monogatari
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
honorific/polite/humble prefix
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
adds force or indicates command
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
field; plain; prairie; tundra; moor; wilderness
good fortune; happiness; blessing; good luck
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
than; from; out of; except; but; more
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
going into battle; departure for the front