indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Heike family; Taira family; The Tale of the Heike; chanting of the Heike Monogatari
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
prince's message; command of a prince
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
entering the priesthood; priest; man with a shaven head; bald-headed monster
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
emperor (of Japan); mikado
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
relocation of the capital; transfer of the capital
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...