indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
cloistered emperor; ex-emperor who has become a monk
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Heike family; Taira family; The Tale of the Heike; chanting of the Heike Monogatari
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
than; from; out of; except; but; more
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
so; like that; that's right; indeed; let me see...
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
adds force or indicates command
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
strong person; person putting on a brave front; bamboo tube with holes drilled in it (used as a stand for kitchen utensils, fans, etc.); checks; plaid
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to