indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Heike family; Taira family; The Tale of the Heike; chanting of the Heike Monogatari
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
cloistered emperor; ex-emperor who has become a monk
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to attack; to assault; to assail
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
be that as it may; even so; though that be so
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to